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The History of Bahrain (1783–1971) covers the history of Bahrain since the invasion of Al Khalifa until the independence from the British Empire. Bahrain was a dependency of the Persian Empire when in 1783, the Bani Utbah tribe led by Al Khalifa invaded it from their base in Al Zubarah (Qatar). The ruler of Al Khalifa was Ahmed bin Muhammad who became known as the conqueror. His successors faced many challenges over the next 75 years, yet they managed to keep Bahrain under their control. Externally, the island was under continuous threats from Oman and Wahhabis, both of which controlled it for short periods. Persians and Ottomans also made several claims over the country. In 1820 and later in 1861, Britain signed peace treaties with Bahrain and acknowledged Al Khalifa as its rulers. Internally, Al Khalifas were engaged in many intra-tribal conflicts that damaged the country and its Shia population more than external threats did. In 1867, a war erupted between Bahrain and Qatar, leading to British intervention and independence of Qatar from Bahrain. The British appointed a new Al Khalifa ruler, Isa bin Ali. During Isa's reign (1869–1923), there were no external challenges to the country as Britain defended it. He and his family enjoyed absolute powers, ruling over people as subjects and controlling much of the country as feudal estates. The public revenue of the country, collected then mostly as taxes and rents was the ruler's private income. The ruler used a special militant group to execute his orders via physical coercion. The backbone of the economy was palm cultivation, fishing and pearl diving. Palm cultivation, which the Shia practiced was tightly controlled by Al Khalifa. Control over pearl diving on the other hands was relaxed, as it was controlled by the Sunni tribes who kept a high level of autonomy and resisted intervention. The Shia power came from their jurists who had strong social power combined with large assets. In the end of the nineteenth century, Britain placed Bahrain under its protection and by the end of the First World War tightened its grip on the island. Starting from 1919, successive British political agents began implementing reform plans. The reforms of the twenties as they became known were administrative in nature. The Shia supported them, while the Sunni tribes and parts of the ruling family opposed them. Many petitions and counter petitions were submitted to various British officials. The country was divided and violence erupted from the opposing faction. The British intervened and replaced the ruler with his elder son, Hamad bin Isa, who supported the reforms. The reforms included the pearl industry, private properties, judicial system, policing system and education. In 1932, oil was discovered, leading to significant economical and social changes in the island. Pearl industry and palm cultivation were soon wiped out due to oil growing industry. ==Rise of Al Khalifa== Al Khalifa, a Sunni merchant family descending from Bani Utbah tribe, established Al Zubarah (Qatar) in 1766 after moving to it from Kuwait. They first sailed to Bahrain, but its ruler Nasr Al-Madhkur who also controlled Bushehr as dependencies of the Persian Empire, prevented them from settling there. Al Zubarah was no more than a piece of wilderness, but it was rich in pearls. Once they arrived, Al Khalifa built Murair fort to defend Al Zubara and developed close relations with rulers of Qatar, Al Musallam. Both families were under the protection of Bani Khalid. Ongoing wars between Bani Khalid and the Wahhabis and Persian invasion of Basra were among the factors that helped Al Zubara flourish into an important trade center. This prominent position led to conflicts with adjacent port towns. Al Jalahma of the Bani Utbah tribe soon joined Al Khalifa in Al Zubara. In 1775, they helped repel an attack on Al Zubara by an alliance of Arab tribes based in the eastern side of the Persian Gulf. However, they disagreed later on the distribution of revenues, leading Al Jalahma to move to Reveish just east of Al Zubara. Al Khalifa attacked them there and killed their chief. In 1783, following two failed attempts by Al-Madhkur to take Al Zubara, Al Khalifa occupied Bahrain and forced him to flee to Bushehr. During the attack, Al Khalifa were led by Ahmed bin Muhammad and allied by a number of tribes who later became an important segment of the tribal part of Bahrain society. Ahmed, now known as the conqueror kept his headquarters in Al Zubara, but spent his summers in Bahrain. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of Bahrain (1783–1971)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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